CRYPTOSPORIDIUM is a genus of apicomplexan protozoa that can cause enteric infection or respiratory form of infection with up to 10% mortality in broiler flocks. In the respiratory forms up to 50% of a flock may show clinical signs. In addition to the direct economic effects of the clinical disease, the damage caused to the immune system and interaction with other pathogens such as IBD virus has significant effects. In the present study, 400 fecal samples from 20 broiler farms were prepared and examined. Based on our results, CRYPTOSPORIDIUM infection was seen in 2 of 20 studied farms. Infection rate in two farms were 40% and 65% respectively. According to these results and other studies, CRYPTOSPORIDIUM infection could be an important problem in poultry farms and it is necessary to carry out further studies about CRYPTOSPORIDIUM infection in poultry farms.

CRYPTOSPORIDIUM is a genus of apicomplexan protozoans that can cause gastrointestinal illness with diarrhea in domestic animals, poultry and humans. In addition to the direct economic effects of the clinical disease, the damage caused to the immune system and interaction with other pathogens such as IBD virus has significant effects. The present study has been carried out with the purpose of determining infection to CRYPTOSPORIDIUM.in native poultry Tabriz region and its suburb the present study, 400 fecal samples from native poultry were prepared and examined. Based on our results, from 400 examined samples in 14% of cases CRYPTOSPORIDIUM infection was seen. The highest infection vote with 15 positive samples (15%) was recorded during winter and the next highest infection with 9% was seen in autumn. Chi squared analysis of results indicated significant difference infection rate during difference seasons of the year (p<0.05). There was no significant difference in infection rate between malls and females. According to our results, native poultry CRYPTOSPORIDIUM infection rate in Tabriz and suburb is high and this problem could be related to native poultry husband any methods and their free unhealthy nutrition and drinking in the environment.

ObjectivesThis study examined the number of cases of CRYPTOSPORIDIUM spp. infection in domestic birds in Diwaniyah Governorate, as well as the consequences of this illness and the methods used to diagnose it. Materials and MethodsIn the study, 205 samples from different bird species were analyzed without gender being taken into account. Some of the methods used for diagnosis were the Acid Fast Stain method and the DNA nested Polymerization Technique (PCR). Nested - PCR proved out to be better than AFS because it could find CRYPTOSPORIDIUM faster, with highest accuracy, and sensitivity. ResultsThe results showed that 90 of the samples had CRYPTOSPORIDIUM infections. Among the bird species that were studied, falseco eleonorae had the lowest incidence of cryptosporidiosis at 16%, while gallus gallus domesticus had the highest incidence at 53.3%. Out of the 60 samples taken for each species, 48.3% of Meleagris gallopova and 41.6% of Anas platyrhynchos were infected. The microscope examination showed a 43.9% infection rate (90 out of 205 samples) when compared to the other method. To use nested-PCR for molecular identification, DNA had to be taken from positive infected samples using Proteinase K method. This produced positive bands that were usually amplified at around 587 bp. The nested-PCR test showed that 47.5% of the samples (19 out of 40) were infected. ConclusionsFinally, this study highlights the critical need for efficient diagnostic tools and intervention plans by demonstrating the very high incidence of CRYPTOSPORIDIUM infection in domestic birds in Diwaniyah Governorate. In order to prevent the spread of Cryptosporidiosis in birds, the results stress the use of nested polymerase chain reaction (PCR) methods for infection diagnosis.

Introduction: Diarrhea is a cardinal symptom of HIV infection and is considered as AIDS defining condition. In the immunocompromised patients, the intestinal opportunistic PARASITEs probably play a major role in causing chronic diarrhea accompanied by weight loss. The aim of this study was to examine the relationship between diarrhea CD4 cell counts and CRYPTOSPORIDIUM infection in the HIV- infected patients in North India.Materials & Methods: In a retrospective study, blood and stool samples of 82 HIV-infected patients with CD4<200 were analyzed. 100 HIV-negative patients were assigned to the control group. They were referred to the AIDS division of National Institute of Communicable Diseases (NICD) from March 2001 to June 2003. Each patient was examined for HIV-1 status, CD4 cell counts, CRYPTOSPORIDIUM and was screened for diarrhea symptoms.Results: Diarrhea in HIV-infected patients (CD4<200) was 56.1%. CRYPTOSPORIDIUM infection was 68.4% in HIV positive patients with diarrhea, which was significant as compared to the other patients without diarrhea (p<0.05). CRYPTOSPORIDIUM infection was 85% in HIV negative patients with diarrhea, which was significant compared to the other patients without diarrhea (p<0.05). In this study 56.1% of HIV-infected patients with CD<200 had diarrhea and 56.5% of these patients had been infected with CRYPTOSPORIDIUM. In control group with diarrhea, this rate was 34%. CRYPTOSPORIDIUM infection was significant in HIV-infected patients with CD<200 and diarrhea (Fisher Exact Test p=0.022). Diarrhea was common and mostly associated with low CD4 cell counts. Conclusion: The data stress the importance of CRYPTOSPORIDIUM infection in the HIV-infected patients and that the CRYPTOSPORIDIUM infection should be expected in the HIV-infected patients with low CD4 and diarrhea.

humans and animals. It causes severe and chronic diseases in HIV positive people and neonates. As yet no effective treatment has been found for it. The aim of this study was to evaluate the therapeutic effects of blue berry cherry, garlic and mixture of them on the CRYPTOSPORIDIUM parvum oocysts in HANK medium.Material and methods: Different concentrations of blue berry cherry extract, garlic tablets and mixture of them, with dilutions of %100, %50, %25 and %12.5, were prepared and sterilized by filter 0.22. The oocysts were separated from the stool of young calves suffering from diarrhea and were concentrated by use of sucrose and Shyter methods. 100A of the concentrate containing 2x106 oocysts and 900l of the above mentioned dilutions (blue berry cherry extract, garlic tablets and mixture of them) were poured into the Ependrof vials (pipes) and kept into an incubator at 370C for 24 to 48 hours (tests were performed in triplicates).Results: The results showed that all concentrations were effective in reducing CRYPTOSPORIDIUM parvum oocysts, but 1/100 garlic concentration, was more effective than blue berry cherry at the same concentration (P<0.001). The mixture of them had the highest effect on reducing CRYPTOSPORIDIUM Parvum oocysts compared with those of blue berry cherry or extract of garlic tablets (P<0.001). Blue berry cherry, garlic and mixture of them are effective in reducing CRYPTOSPORIDIUM oocysts.Conclusion: Since chemical compounds have side effects, use of blue berry cherry, garlic and mixture of them even in very low doses, can reduce the number of oocysts of this PARASITE, which is probably due to presence of allicin in garlic and polyphenolic compounds in blue berry cherry. Therefore, they can be used in children, elderly and those with immune system defects.